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汉语的文字是汉字,在中国人的实际生活中,阅读和书写时基本都用汉字。汉语拼音是几十年前确立的一套标音符号,可以用来标注汉字的发音。
拼音的每一个音节一般由三部分组成:声母、韵母和声调。如:在mā(妈)这个音节中,m是声母,ɑ是韵母,ɑ上方的“-”表示声调。
The script of the Chinese language is Chinese characters. Chinese characters are used both in reading and writing. Chinese Pinyin is a set of phonetic symbols adopted several decades ago for indicating the pronunciation of Chinese characters.
A syllable in Chinese usually consists of three parts: and initial, a final and a tone. For instance, in the syllable mā妈(as in “mom”), m is the initial, ɑ is the final and “-” over the final is the tone.
汉语拼音方案》是拼写规范化普通话的一套拼音字母和拼写方式。其中共有21个声母:
Chinese Phonetic System (Chinese Pinyin System) includes a set of phonetic letters and relevant spelling rules which are adopted for standard Mandarin Chinese.In Chinese Pinyin, there are altogether 21 initials:
21 intials
Initial | Example | Translation |
b | bà 爸 dad |
like "b" in "bed"
|
p | pǎo 跑 run |
like "p" in "peach"
|
m | méi 没 not |
like "m" in "meat"
|
f | fēi 飞 fly |
like "f" in "foot"
|
d | děi 得 should |
like "d" in "day"
|
t | tānɡ 汤 soup |
like "t" in "tea"
|
n | nán 难 difficult |
like "n" in "need"
|
l | lèi 累 tired |
like "l" in "leaf"
|
g | ɡāo 高 high |
like "g" in "get"
|
k | kāi 开 open |
like "k" in "kill"
|
h | hēi 黑 black |
like "h" in "hen"
|
j | jī 鸡 chicken |
close to "j" in "jeep"(without protruding the lips)
|
q | qù 去 go |
close to "ch" in "cheap"(without protruding the lips)
|
x | xī 西 west |
close to "sh" in "shirt"
|
zh | zhù 住 live |
like "dr" in "drink"
|
ch | chá 茶 tea |
like "ch" in "match"
|
sh | shū 书 book |
close to "sh" in "shy"
|
r | rén 人 person |
close to "r" in "roll"
|
z | zì 字 character |
like "ds" in "words"
|
c | cū 粗 thick |
like "ts" in "rats"
|
s | sān 三 three |
like "s" in "Sunday"
|
7 Simple Vowel Finals
Vowel | Example | Translation |
ɑ | tā 他 he |
like "a" in "father"
|
e | chē 车 car |
like "ir" in "dirty"
|
i | lǐ 里 inside |
like "i" in "in"
|
o | wǒ 我 I |
like "o" in "or"
|
u | cū 粗 thick |
like "u" in "blue"
|
ü | qù 去 go |
no equivalent in English.like "u" in "lune"(French pronunciation)
|
er | ěr 耳 ear |
no equivalent in English
|
(French pronunciation) plus "e" in "pet"
|
Vowel | Example | Translation |
ɑn | kàn 看 look |
like "an" in "land"
|
ɑng | tānɡ汤 soup |
no equivalent in English, like "an" in "ancient"(French pronunciation)
|
en | rén 人 person |
like "en" in "stolen"
|
eng | lěnɡ 冷 cold |
like "en" in "stolen" plus "ng" in "long"
|
ong | dōnɡ 东 east |
like "or" in "worn" plus "ng" in "long"
|
in |
yīn 因 because
xīn 新 new
|
like "in"
|
ing |
yīnɡ 英 hero
xínɡ 行 OK
|
like "ing" in "spring"
|
iɑn |
yān 烟 smoke
tiān 天 day
|
like "yen"
|
iɑng |
yānɡ 央 center
xiǎnɡ 想 think
|
like "young"
|
iong |
yǒnɡ 勇 brave
xiónɡ 熊 bear
|
like "i" in "bin" plus "ong" in "long"
|
uɑn |
wān 弯 bend
ɡuān 关 close
|
like "wan" in "swan"
|
uɑng |
wánɡ 王 king
huánɡ 黄 yellow
|
no equivalent in English, like "u" in "flute" plus "an" in "ancient"(French pronunciation)
|
uen |
wēn 温 warm
cún 存 deposit
|
like "u" in "flute" plus "en" in "stolen"
|
ueng | wēnɡ 嗡 buzz |
like "u" in "flute" plus "ng" in "long"
|
üɑn |
yuǎn 远 far
xuán 玄 profound
|
no equivalent in English, like "u" in "lune"(French pronunciation) plus "an" in "land"
|
ün |
yún 云 cloud
qún 裙 skirt
|
no equivalent in English, like "u" in "lune"(French pronunciation) plus "n" in "stolen"
|
汉语有4种基本声调
名称 | 第一声 | 第二声 | 第三声 | 第四声 |
形式 |
“—” |
“/ ” |
“v ” |
“ ” |
举例 | mā 妈 | xínɡ 行 | yuǎn 远 | piào 票 |
Name | 1st Tone | 2ed Tone | 3rd Tone | 4th Tone |
Form |
“—” |
“/ ” |
“v ” |
“ ” |
Example |
mom
|
OK
|
far
|
ticket |
汉语的声调标在主要母音上。i 上有标调时要去掉i 的点。
A tonemark should be placed over the main vowel. When the vowel i is marked with a tonemark, the dot over it should be omitted.
i、u、ü 开头的韵母:
① 由 i 或 ü开头的韵母,前面没有声母的时候,要加上准声母 y 或把 i、ü 变成 y,ü上两点省略。例如: yīn( 因 ),yī( 衣 ) ,yūn( 晕 ) ,yú( 鱼 ) 。
② 由 u 开头的韵母,前面没有声母的时候,要加上准声母w或把u变成w。例如:wàn(万),wū(乌)。
③ 由 ü 开头的韵母跟 j、q、x 相拼时,ü上两点省略。例如:jù(句),qù(去),xù(叙)。
Finals beginning with i, u, or ü.
① When finals beginning with i orü have no initials preceding them, the quasi-initial y should be added; or i or u should be changed into y and the dots of ü should be omitted. For example,yīn因(because), yī衣(cloths), yūn晕(dizzy) and yú鱼(fish).
② When finals beginning with u have no initials preceding them, the quasi-initial w should be added or u should be changed into w. For example, wàn万(ten thousand) and wū乌(dark).
③ When the initials j, q or x precede a final beginning with ü, the two dots of ü should be omitted. For example, jù句(sentence),qù去(go), and xù叙(narrate).
变调:
① 两个第三声的汉字相连时,前一个要读成第二声。例如:nǐ hǎo(你好)读成 ní hǎo。
② “不”和“一”后面有别的汉字时,声调会改变。在第一、第二和第三声的汉字前,“一”读第四声 ; 在第四声的汉字前,“不”和“一”都读第二声。例如:bùkuài(不快)读成 búkuài,yībiān(一边)读成 yìbiān,yīpánɡ(一旁)读成 yìpánɡ,yīdiǎnr(一点儿)读成 yìdiǎnr,yīɡònɡ(一共)读成 yíɡònɡ。
Tone changes:
① When a 3rd tone is followed by another 3rd tone, the first 3rd tone should be pronounced as a 2nd tone. For example, nǐhǎo你好(hello) is pronounced as níhǎo.
② When bù不(not) and yī一(one) are followed by other characters with a 1st, 2nd, or 3rd tone, 一should be pronounced as a 4th tone; when preceding characters with a 4th tone, 不and 一should be pronounced as a 2nd tone. For example, bùkuài不快(upset) is pronounced as búkuài, yībiān一边(at the same time) pronounced as yìbiān, yīpánɡ一旁(one side) pronounced asyìpánɡ, yīdiǎnr一点儿(a few/little) pronounced asyìdiǎnr, yīɡònɡ一共(altogether) pronounced as yíɡònɡ.
儿化:由于普通话以北京语音为标准音,因此存在很多儿化音节。er 在其他韵母后与之结合成一个儿化韵母,儿化韵母的写法是在原韵母后加 r。它可以只是语流中的一点儿语音变化,不表示任何意义,例如:wánr(玩儿)和 wán(玩)意思一样;也可能会形成一个意思不同的词,例如:tóu(头)和 tóur(头儿)不同。
The retroflex ending r. As Beijing phonetics has been adopted as the standard pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese, there are many retroflex syllables. The spelling of a syllable with the retroflex ending requires adding r at the end of the original final. In terms of its function, the retroflex ending r may only indicate slight changes in pronunciation without changing meanings, for example wánr玩儿(play) and wán玩(play). In other cases, it may be used to differentiate meanings, such as tóu头(head) and tóur头儿(boss).
隔音符号:ɑ、o、e 开头的音节连接在其他音节后面的时候,如果音节的界限发生混淆,用隔音符号(’)分开。例如:Tiān’ān Mén(天安门)。
Sound distinction symbol. When syllables beginning with ɑ, o or e go after other syllables, pronunciation confusion might occur. In such cases, the sound distinction symbol(') is used to distinguish the syllables, such as Tiān’ān Mén天安门(Tian’an Men).