兼语句2（2）表称谓或认定义：主语＋叫/ 称（呼）/说/收/选中宾语1＋做/为/当/是＋宾语2

表示意志上或情理上的需要，或者估计、推测某事必然发生。多用于口语。It means "have to", indicating a need in the sense of will or reason or a speculation that something is sure to happen. It is usually used in spoken Chinese.

趋向补语3：表示结果意义（引申用法）（1)：动词 + 上

表示超出一般程度。It indicates an extraordinary degree.

被动句2：主语 + 被 + 动词 + 其他成分

(1）泛指说话人和听话人以外的人，大致等于“别人”It refers to people other than the interlocutors in general, similar to "other people"（2）指上文提到的人，大致等于“他、她”或"他们"It refers to the person or people mentioned previously, similar to "he/she" or "they"（3）也可指说话人自己，等于 “我”，有亲昵或俏皮的语气，多用于年轻女性。It can also refer to the speaker himself/herself, equivalent to "I" expressed in an intimate or witty tone. It is usually used by young women.

固定格式：在……下

频率、重复副词（2)：再三

语气副词（4)：竟然

表示事物就要发生变化或事情很快要发生，一般用于书面语。It indicates something is going to change or will happen soon, usually used in written Chinese.