否定副词（3)：没、没有

HSK 1

基本语义及用法

Basic Meaning & Usage

用于否定动作已经发生或状态已经改变。

They negate that an action has already happened or a state has already changed.

典型例句和对话

Example Sentences & Conversations

Zài jiàoshì.

（在教室）

(In the classroom)

A: Xiǎomíng zuótiān lái shàngkè le ma?

A：小明昨天来上课了吗？

A: Did Xiaoming come to class yesterday?

B: Tā zuótiān méi / méiyǒu shàngkè.

B：他昨天没/没有上课。

B: He didn’t attend class yesterday.

Zài fángjiān.

（在房间）

(In the room)

A: Nǐ hé Xiǎomíng qù kàn diànyǐng le ma?

A：你和小明去看电影了吗？

A: Did you and Xiaoming go to see a movie?

B: Tā qù le, wǒ méi / méiyǒu qù.

B：他去了，我没/没有去。

B: He went, but I didn’t.

Zài jiā.

（在家）

(At home)

A: Yīfu gān le ma?

A：衣服干了吗？

A: Have the clothes dried?

B: Yīfu méi / méiyǒu gān.

B：衣服没/没有干。

B: The clothes haven’t dried.

补充例句

Additional Examples

Wǒ méi / méiyǒu kànjiàn nǐ de bāo.

我没/没有看见你的包。

I didn’t see your bag.

Zuótiān wǒ méi / méiyǒu kàn diànshì.

昨天我没/没有看电视。

I didn’t watch television yesterday.

Tā hē le hěn duō shuǐ, wǒ méi / méiyǒu hē shuǐ.

他喝了很多水，我没/没有喝水。

He drank a lot of water, but I didn’t drink any.

Jīntiān wǒ méi / méiyǒu xiě Hànzì.

今天我没/没有写汉字。

I haven’t written any Chinese characters today.

Yǔ méi / méiyǒu xiǎo, hái hěn dà.

雨没/没有小，还很大。

The rain hasn’t become lighter; it is still very heavy.

Tā de bìng méi / méiyǒu hǎo.

他的病没/没有好。

He hasn’t recovered from his illness.

结构特点

Structural Features

“Méi, méiyǒu” zài dòngcíxìng chéngfèn qián, biǎoshì duì yǐjīng fāshēng huò céngjīng fāshēng de dòngzuò xíngwéi de fǒudìng; zài xíngróngcíxìng chéngfèn qián, biǎoshì duì yǐjīng fāshēng huò céngjīng fāshēng de zhuàngkuàng de fǒudìng.

“没、没有”在动词性成分前，表示对已经发生或曾经发生的动作行为的否定；在形容词性成分前，表示对已经发生或曾经发生的状况的否定。

Before a verbal component, “没” and “没有” negate an action or behavior that has already happened or happened previously; before an adjectival component, they negate a condition that has already occurred or existed previously.

S + méi / méiyǒu + VP / Adj

S + 没/没有 + VP/Adj

Subject + 没/没有 + verb phrase or adjective

Wǒ zuótiān méi / méiyǒu qù xuéxiào.

我昨天没/没有去学校。

I didn’t go to school yesterday.

Yīfu méi / méiyǒu gān.

衣服没/没有干。

The clothes haven’t dried.

小提示

Tips

Zài yìyì shàng, “bù” fǒudìng pànduàn, yìyuàn, shìshí hé xìngzhì, “méi, méiyǒu” fǒudìng dòngzuò xíngwéi yǐjīng fāshēng huò zhuàngtài yǐjīng gǎibiàn. Lìrú:

在意义上，“不”否定判断、意愿、事实和性质，“没、没有”否定动作行为已经发生或状态已经改变。例如：

In meaning, “不” negates judgments, intentions, facts and qualities, while “没” and “没有” negate the occurrence of an action or a change of state. For example:

Tā bú qù túshūguǎn. Fǒudìng yìyuàn.

他不去图书馆。（否定意愿）

He will not go to the library. This negates an intention.

Tā méi qù túshūguǎn. Fǒudìng dòngzuò yǐjīng fāshēng.

他没去图书馆。（否定动作已经发生）

He didn’t go to the library. This negates the occurrence of the action.

“Méi, méiyǒu” zhǐ néng yòng yú guòqù hé xiànzài, bù néng yòng yú jiānglái; “bù” kěyǐ yòng yú guòqù, xiànzài hé jiānglái.

“没、没有”只能用于过去和现在，不能用于将来；“不”可以用于过去、现在和将来。

“没” and “没有” can only be used for the past and present, not for the future; “不” can be used for the past, present and future.

Wǒ bù è. Fǒudìng xìngzhì.

我不饿。（否定性质）

I am not hungry. This negates a quality or condition.

* Wǒ míngtiān méi / méiyǒu kàn diànshì.

* 我明天没/没有看电视。

Wǒ méi è. Fǒudìng zhuàngtài de biànhuà.

我没饿。（否定状态的变化）

I haven’t become hungry. This negates a change of state.

Yǒuxiē dòngcí kěnéng yòng “bù” fǒudìng, bù néng yòng “méi, méiyǒu” fǒudìng, rú guānxì dòngcí “shì, zhīdào”, néngyuàn dòngcí “huì, yào” děng.

有些动词可能用“不”否定，不能用“没、没有”否定，如关系动词“是、知道”，能愿动词“会、要”等。

Some verbs are negated with “不” and cannot be negated with “没” or “没有”, such as the relational verbs “是” and “知道”, and modal verbs such as “会” and “要”.

Wǒ zuótiān méi kàn diànshì, jīntiān yě méi kàn.

我昨天没看电视，今天也没看。

I didn’t watch television yesterday, and I haven’t watched it today either.

Wǒ qǐng tā, tā bù lái; nǐ qǐng tā, tā jiù lái le.

我请他，他不来；你请他，他就来了。

When I invited him, he wouldn’t come; when you invited him, he came.

* Tā méi shì lǎoshī.

* 他没是老师。

Tā bú shì lǎoshī.

他不是老师。

He is not a teacher.

* Wǒ méiyǒu huì shuō Zhōngwén.